Critical Thinking in Marketing Literature review

Critical Thinking in Marketing - Literature review Example A firm on the other hand is defined as a commercial organization, which provides services and products to consumers with expectations of getting profits in return. Market orientation is widely utilized in contemporary marketing. It entails analyzing competitors’ strategies and their impact on the public. Firms should redirect all resources toward achieving a common goal to ensure success of the market orientations. Marketing orientation mainly focuses on supplying products, which are made according to the needs, requirements, and desire of the customers in question. According to Jaworski &Kohli (1993), marketing orientation is firm’s generation of intelligence based on market strategies and focus on the need of the customers. The customers’ demands are either future or current. The intelligence should be disseminated to all other departments in the firm and the company of firm should be able to respond to it. During the industrial revolution to around sixty years ago, companies’ focus was based on utilizing the economies of scale and decreasing the cost of production. Products of high quality were less available during such periods and the firms’ main point of focus was to produce products in large quantities. Marketing elements such as design were ignored. The changes were due to the rise of capitalism created by the increasing number of middle class. After the Second World War, the markets became saturated with all types of products. The selling of the products declined. However, the companies adopted a model that focused on the making products and then supplying them to consumers, the model was called sales orientation (Harris, 2008). Despite the changes in strategies, customers were not involved in the process of developing products. Early 1970s Theodore Levitt a Harvard professor with other academicians criticized the sales orientation model and argued that

African American Empires Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

African American Empires - Essay Example This was then used for trade along trans-Sahara trade network. (Ancient Civilizations Website). Anything that the Wagadugu society required could be traded for gold, and this meant that the society soon became well established and very wealthy. The introduction of the camel increased the range of trading groups. (The Ghana Guide Website) Resources alone do not make a great nation. The second key success factor was the ability of the people to govern themselves wisely. They also made profits and distributed them widely. Taxes were levied from passing traders. An effective legal system based on tribal chief authority kept order and peace within the territory. Good leadership was a critical factor in Wagadugu’s success. When invaders arrived, there was a ready army for defence. Other nation wanted to have good relations with this territory. It was a beacon of enlightenment in Africa. This it was a combination of good fortune in terms of resources, and hard work in terms of organization that enabled the Wagadugu empire to be so